Physiological research focuses on the influence of management on both the physiology of reproduction and digestive systems, with both aspects that have a significant impact on the profitability of small scale and commercial systems. Research focuses on the interaction between nutrition and reproduction, and the use of assisted reproduction techniques that can be used to increase and optimize the cost-efficiency of commercial systems, as well as make these techniques more accessible to emerging and commercial producers. The use of in vitro produced embryos to genetically improve and thus optimize the cost-efficiency of dairy production systems, and to minimize the potential environmental effect of such systems, are one of the primary focus areas, and are already applied in the broader industry.